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  Law and Social Change : An Overview and Assessment

  Ahmed Khalifa

  Many minds, multiple energies and much cooperation has gone into the creation and production of this monograph. Principally it is the outcome of a seminar on the theme of "Law and Social Change: Problems and Challenges" which was organized and co-sponsored within the general framework of the Open University Seminar Series by the Department of Sociology-Anthropology-Psychology of the American University in Cairo and the National Center for Sociological and Criminological Research. The Open University Seminar, held annually, is a forum through which members of the AUC community and interested persons from the larger Egyptian community can come together to express their views, share their ideas and knowledge and increase their understanding of and about relevant issues selected for discussion in the seminar during a particular year. The first Open University Seminar Series was inaugurated in the spring of 1975 by Cynthia Nelson t founder of the series,and specifically addressed the issue of the impact of the Egyptian feminist movement on the status of women in Egypt, the topic being selected to coincide with efforts that were developing on a national level in Egypt to commemorate 1975 as International Women' s Year. Each successive year has followed with the selection of a specific theme that links women to the processes of social change and development within contemporary Egyptian society; in 1976 Women, Health and Development", which subsequently appeared as Monograph One of Volume One of THE CAIRO PAPERS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (Nelson, 1977), and in 1977, 11 Women, Work and Social Transformation".

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  An Anthropoligical Note on Law and Development

  Klaus F. Koch

  Many minds, multiple energies and much cooperation has gone into the creation and production of this monograph. Principally it is the outcome of a seminar on the theme of "Law and Social Change: Problems and Challenges" which was organized and co-sponsored within the general framework of the Open University Seminar Series by the Department of Sociology-Anthropology-Psychology of the American University in Cairo and the National Center for Sociological and Criminological Research. The Open University Seminar, held annually, is a forum through which members of the AUC community and interested persons from the larger Egyptian community can come together to express their views, share their ideas and knowledge and increase their understanding of and about relevant issues selected for discussion in the seminar during a particular year. The first Open University Seminar Series was inaugurated in the spring of 1975 by Cynthia Nelson t founder of the series,and specifically addressed the issue of the impact of the Egyptian feminist movement on the status of women in Egypt, the topic being selected to coincide with efforts that were developing on a national level in Egypt to commemorate 1975 as International Women' s Year. Each successive year has followed with the selection of a specific theme that links women to the processes of social change and development within contemporary Egyptian society; in 1976 Women, Health and Development", which subsequently appeared as Monograph One of Volume One of THE CAIRO PAPERS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (Nelson, 1977), and in 1977, 11 Women, Work and Social Transformation".

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  Introduction

  Cynthia Nelson and Klaus-Friedrich Koch

  Many minds, multiple energies and much cooperation has gone into the creation and production of this monograph. Principally it is the outcome of a seminar on the theme of "Law and Social Change: Problems and Challenges" which was organized and co-sponsored within the general framework of the Open University Seminar Series by the Department of Sociology-Anthropology-Psychology of the American University in Cairo and the National Center for Sociological and Criminological Research. The Open University Seminar, held annually, is a forum through which members of the AUC community and interested persons from the larger Egyptian community can come together to express their views, share their ideas and knowledge and increase their understanding of and about relevant issues selected for discussion in the seminar during a particular year.

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  Changing the Law on Personal Status within a Liberal Interpretation of the Sharia

  Mohammed Nowaihi

  Many minds, multiple energies and much cooperation has gone into the creation and production of this monograph. Principally it is the outcome of a seminar on the theme of "Law and Social Change: Problems and Challenges" which was organized and co-sponsored within the general framework of the Open University Seminar Series by the Department of Sociology-Anthropology-Psychology of the American University in Cairo and the National Center for Sociological and Criminological Research. The Open University Seminar, held annually, is a forum through which members of the AUC community and interested persons from the larger Egyptian community can come together to express their views, share their ideas and knowledge and increase their understanding of and about relevant issues selected for discussion in the seminar during a particular year. The first Open University Seminar Series was inaugurated in the spring of 1975 by Cynthia Nelson t founder of the series,and specifically addressed the issue of the impact of the Egyptian feminist movement on the status of women in Egypt, the topic being selected to coincide with efforts that were developing on a national level in Egypt to commemorate 1975 as International Women' s Year. Each successive year has followed with the selection of a specific theme that links women to the processes of social change and development within contemporary Egyptian society; in 1976 Women, Health and Development", which subsequently appeared as Monograph One of Volume One of THE CAIRO PAPERS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (Nelson, 1977), and in 1977, 11 Women, Work and Social Transformation".

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  Women in Development: The Intergrated Care Project for Primary School Children

  Saneya A.W. Saleh and Suzanne H. Moubarek

  We present in this issue of The Cairo Papers a broad spectrum of articles dealing with the children of Egypt and their families; each article has a research base in the real world of childhood and each in its own way sug­gests trends for further work in both research and applied areas in child de­velopment. Ciaccio's paper consists of an integrated set of recommendations based on action-oriented research sponsored by UNICEF- it is clear from a reading of his paper that the International Year of The Child is not simply another 'UN year' but rather a point of departure from which improved, increased and con­tinuing services for children will begin. Indeed, the second paper by Saleh and Moubarek take up Ciaccio's challenge by showing how they have begun to re­build the school system of a Cairene sluni area, Bulaq. Their work has already served as a model for educational and social welfare improvement in several developing countries. Dr. Claire Fahim, eminent Egyptian Chil d Psychiatrist and long-time advocate of children's rights in the Arab World, gives us an in­side view of the operations of a clinic for children which services over 124 schools in the West Cairo district; her successful use of the 'team approach' to child psychiatric problems is unique in Egypt. Fahmy's paper concerning 'emergent consciousness' in a group of young women in the upper Egyptian village of Akhmim is a unique and fascinating doc­umentary of the socialization process_ of both males and females in a society undergoing rapid social change. Her perceptive use of in-depth interviews gives the reader an intimate view of family life paralleled perhaps only by Harrmed Arrmar's Growing Up In An Egyptian Village (1954). Waines' paper, a report of a pilot study she completed in 1978, actually is the first in a series of studies she is conducting on the mental health status of Egyptian children. She very clearly outlines the major clinical and research parameters involved and cogently argu es for more empirical data to guide future planning in the mental health field. The last paper in this issue, El-Mofty's "Children's Reports of Child Rearing Practices," offers readers a most unusual and very refreshing view of socialization techniques as seen through the eyes of the children themselves. She presents data on sex and social class differences, some of which are clearly divergent from patterns found in the West. In sum, most of the articles in this volume represent work that is still in progress, work that will continue long after the celebration of the International Year of the Child. The underlying spirit of all the work however, is the recognition that the understanding and well-being of all children is closely linked with economic stability and world peace.

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  Political Economy as Historical Materialism

  H. B. Thompson

  Political Economy may be seen as an attempt to cultivate a new intellectual and practical direction in examining the issues and prob­lems of the Middle East. The authors of this volume are concerned as to how the social -relations of historically specific structures in the Middle fast originate, operate and change. It is otvious that before facts are gatheed a theoretical and epistemological stance must be taken so as to assemble and analyze those particular facts relevant to speciftc issues and problems. The first two articles of this volume whi-ch are presented by Enid Hill and H.M. Thompson are concerned precisely with this point. The third essay is historical and is bas·ed on the premise that an understanding of the present includes a comprehension of the process of economic and political transfonnation. As Abdel Aziz Ezz el Arab argues, the legacy of the -Mam1uks remains with the Egyptian people even today as they struggle for the development of their nation. The last two articles by Gouda Abdel Khalek and Heba Ahmed Han­doussa develop a poignant critical analysis of two issues 'that are of tremendous significance to Egypt as the country moves into the decade of the 1980's, i.e., the "Open Door Economic Policy" and Egypt's public sector. The structural transformation of Egypt during the next ten years or so will depend-partially on how and in whose interests these issues are resolved.

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  Child Mental Health in Egypt

  Nahed Waines

  We present in this issue of The Cairo Papers a broad spectrum of articles dealing with the children of Egypt and their families; each article has a research base in the real world of childhood and each in its own way sug­gests trends for further work in both research and applied areas in child de­velopment. Ciaccio's paper consists of an integrated set of recommendations based on action-oriented research sponsored by UNICEF- it is clear from a reading of his paper that the International Year of The Child is not simply another 'UN year' but rather a point of departure from which improved, increased and con­tinuing services for children will begin. Indeed, the second paper by Saleh and Moubarek take up Ciaccio's challenge by showing how they have begun to re­build the school system of a Cairene sluni area, Bulaq. Their work has already served as a model for educational and social welfare improvement in several developing countries. Dr. Claire Fahim, eminent Egyptian Chil d Psychiatrist and long-time advocate of children's rights in the Arab World, gives us an in­side view of the operations of a clinic for children which services over 124 schools in the West Cairo district; her successful use of the 'team approach' to child psychiatric problems is unique in Egypt. Fahmy's paper concerning 'emergent consciousness' in a group of young women in the upper Egyptian village of Akhmim is a unique and fascinating doc­umentary of the socialization process_ of both males and females in a society undergoing rapid social change. Her perceptive use of in-depth interviews gives the reader an intimate view of family life paralleled perhaps only by Harrmed Arrmar's Growing Up In An Egyptian Village (1954). Waines' paper, a report of a pilot study she completed in 1978, actually is the first in a series of studies she is conducting on the mental health status of Egyptian children. She very clearly outlines the major clinical and research parameters involved and cogently argu es for more empirical data to guide future planning in the mental health field. The last paper in this issue, El-Mofty's "Children's Reports of Child Rearing Practices," offers readers a most unusual and very refreshing view of socialization techniques as seen through the eyes of the children themselves. She presents data on sex and social class differences, some of which are clearly divergent from patterns found in the West. In sum, most of the articles in this volume represent work that is still in progress, work that will continue long after the celebration of the International Year of the Child. The underlying spirit of all the work however, is the recognition that the understanding and well-being of all children is closely linked with economic stability and world peace.

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  The Transformation of the Party System in Egypt 1952-1977

  Ali E.Hillal Dessouki

  Thjs monograph is the outcome of a symposium on the theme of "Problems and Prospects of Democracy in Egypt", which was organized by the Centre for Political and Strategic Studies of AI-Ahram Foundation, and the Department of Political Science of the American University jn Cairo. The symposium was held from 8 - 11 December 1976, and was attended by a number of university professors and scholars representing different intel 1- ectual and ideological persuasions. It took place at a time when Egyptian democracy was in the ascendent: thus papers and discussions radiated a general feeling of optimism. The pages that fol low represent, in a sense, the testimony of a number of Egyptian Intellectuals and a summation of their perceptions of the problems that democracy faces in their country. This volume could not have been possible without the active support and encouragement of a number of people. I would like to express my deep­est gratitude to Dr Thomas Lamont, Dean of the Faculties at AUC, who was of untold help in making into reality the idea of the symposium and the project of this monograph. I would also like to thank Dr Boutros Boutros­ Ghali and Dr Earl Sullivan for their vital help. Mr Bahgat Badei made an initial translation of most of the papers which were originally delivered in Arabic. Responsibility for verification of the translations is my own. My sincere thanks go also to Mr Michel Le Gal I, who spent considerable time reading the manuscript, and who suggested various stylistic improvements.

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  The 1952 Revolution and Democracy

  Tarek El Bishry

  Thjs monograph is the outcome of a symposium on the theme of "Problems and Prospects of Democracy in Egypt", which was organized by the Centre for Political and Strategic Studies of AI-Ahram Foundation, and the Department of Political Science of the American University jn Cairo. The symposium was held from 8 - 11 December 1976, and was attended by a number of university professors and scholars representing different intel 1- ectual and ideological persuasions. It took place at a time when Egyptian democracy was in the ascendent: thus papers and discussions radiated a general feeling of optimism. The pages that fol low represent, in a sense, the testimony of a number of Egyptian Intellectuals and a summation of their perceptions of the problems that democracy faces in their country. This volume could not have been possible without the active support and encouragement of a number of people. I would like to express my deep­est gratitude to Dr Thomas Lamont, Dean of the Faculties at AUC, who was of untold help in making into reality the idea of the symposium and the project of this monograph. I would also like to thank Dr Boutros Boutros­ Ghali and Dr Earl Sullivan for their vital help. Mr Bahgat Badei made an initial translation of most of the papers which were originally delivered in Arabic. Responsibility for verification of the translations is my own. My sincere thanks go also to Mr Michel Le Gal I, who spent considerable time reading the manuscript, and who suggested various stylistic improvements.

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  Towards a New Democratic Life: A Prologue

  Boutros Boutros Ghali

  Thjs monograph is the outcome of a symposium on the theme of "Problems and Prospects of Democracy in Egypt", which was organized by the Centre for Political and Strategic Studies of AI-Ahram Foundation, and the Department of Political Science of the American University jn Cairo. The symposium was held from 8 - 11 December 1976, and was attended by a number of university professors and scholars representing different intel 1- ectual and ideological persuasions. It took place at a time when Egyptian democracy was in the ascendent: thus papers and discussions radiated a general feeling of optimism. The pages that fol low represent, in a sense, the testimony of a number of Egyptian Intellectuals and a summation of their perceptions of the problems that democracy faces in their country. This volume could not have been possible without the active support and encouragement of a number of people. I would like to express my deep­est gratitude to Dr Thomas Lamont, Dean of the Faculties at AUC, who was of untold help in making into reality the idea of the symposium and the project of this monograph. I would also like to thank Dr Boutros Boutros­ Ghali and Dr Earl Sullivan for their vital help. Mr Bahgat Badei made an initial translation of most of the papers which were originally delivered in Arabic. Responsibility for verification of the translations is my own. My sincere thanks go also to Mr Michel Le Gal I, who spent considerable time reading the manuscript, and who suggested various stylistic improvements.

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  The Socio-Economic Requisites of Democracy

  Saad Eddin Ibrahim

  Thjs monograph is the outcome of a symposium on the theme of "Problems and Prospects of Democracy in Egypt", which was organized by the Centre for Political and Strategic Studies of AI-Ahram Foundation, and the Department of Political Science of the American University jn Cairo. The symposium was held from 8 - 11 December 1976, and was attended by a number of university professors and scholars representing different intel 1- ectual and ideological persuasions. It took place at a time when Egyptian democracy was in the ascendent: thus papers and discussions radiated a general feeling of optimism. The pages that fol low represent, in a sense, the testimony of a number of Egyptian Intellectuals and a summation of their perceptions of the problems that democracy faces in their country. This volume could not have been possible without the active support and encouragement of a number of people. I would like to express my deep­est gratitude to Dr Thomas Lamont, Dean of the Faculties at AUC, who was of untold help in making into reality the idea of the symposium and the project of this monograph. I would also like to thank Dr Boutros Boutros­ Ghali and Dr Earl Sullivan for their vital help. Mr Bahgat Badei made an initial translation of most of the papers which were originally delivered in Arabic. Responsibility for verification of the translations is my own. My sincere thanks go also to Mr Michel Le Gal I, who spent considerable time reading the manuscript, and who suggested various stylistic improvements.

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  Political Evolution from the One-Party to the Multi-Party System

  Sayed Marei

  Thjs monograph is the outcome of a symposium on the theme of "Problems and Prospects of Democracy in Egypt", which was organized by the Centre for Political and Strategic Studies of AI-Ahram Foundation, and the Department of Political Science of the American University jn Cairo. The symposium was held from 8 - 11 December 1976, and was attended by a number of university professors and scholars representing different intel 1- ectual and ideological persuasions. It took place at a time when Egyptian democracy was in the ascendent: thus papers and discussions radiated a general feeling of optimism. The pages that fol low represent, in a sense, the testimony of a number of Egyptian Intellectuals and a summation of their perceptions of the problems that democracy faces in their country. This volume could not have been possible without the active support and encouragement of a number of people. I would like to express my deep­est gratitude to Dr Thomas Lamont, Dean of the Faculties at AUC, who was of untold help in making into reality the idea of the symposium and the project of this monograph. I would also like to thank Dr Boutros Boutros­ Ghali and Dr Earl Sullivan for their vital help. Mr Bahgat Badei made an initial translation of most of the papers which were originally delivered in Arabic. Responsibility for verification of the translations is my own. My sincere thanks go also to Mr Michel Le Gal I, who spent considerable time reading the manuscript, and who suggested various stylistic improvements.

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  Prospects for Democracy in Egypt

  John Waterbury

  Thjs monograph is the outcome of a symposium on the theme of "Problems and Prospects of Democracy in Egypt", which was organized by the Centre for Political and Strategic Studies of AI-Ahram Foundation, and the Department of Political Science of the American University jn Cairo. The symposium was held from 8 - 11 December 1976, and was attended by a number of university professors and scholars representing different intel 1- ectual and ideological persuasions. It took place at a time when Egyptian democracy was in the ascendent: thus papers and discussions radiated a general feeling of optimism. The pages that fol low represent, in a sense, the testimony of a number of Egyptian Intellectuals and a summation of their perceptions of the problems that democracy faces in their country. This volume could not have been possible without the active support and encouragement of a number of people. I would like to express my deep­est gratitude to Dr Thomas Lamont, Dean of the Faculties at AUC, who was of untold help in making into reality the idea of the symposium and the project of this monograph. I would also like to thank Dr Boutros Boutros­ Ghali and Dr Earl Sullivan for their vital help. Mr Bahgat Badei made an initial translation of most of the papers which were originally delivered in Arabic. Responsibility for verification of the translations is my own. My sincere thanks go also to Mr Michel Le Gal I, who spent considerable time reading the manuscript, and who suggested various stylistic improvements.

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  Social Structure and Democratic Practice

  El-Sayed Yassin

  Thjs monograph is the outcome of a symposium on the theme of "Problems and Prospects of Democracy in Egypt", which was organized by the Centre for Political and Strategic Studies of AI-Ahram Foundation, and the Department of Political Science of the American University jn Cairo. The symposium was held from 8 - 11 December 1976, and was attended by a number of university professors and scholars representing different intel 1- ectual and ideological persuasions. It took place at a time when Egyptian democracy was in the ascendent: thus papers and discussions radiated a general feeling of optimism. The pages that fol low represent, in a sense, the testimony of a number of Egyptian Intellectuals and a summation of their perceptions of the problems that democracy faces in their country. This volume could not have been possible without the active support and encouragement of a number of people. I would like to express my deep­est gratitude to Dr Thomas Lamont, Dean of the Faculties at AUC, who was of untold help in making into reality the idea of the symposium and the project of this monograph. I would also like to thank Dr Boutros Boutros­ Ghali and Dr Earl Sullivan for their vital help. Mr Bahgat Badei made an initial translation of most of the papers which were originally delivered in Arabic. Responsibility for verification of the translations is my own. My sincere thanks go also to Mr Michel Le Gal I, who spent considerable time reading the manuscript, and who suggested various stylistic improvements.

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  The Democratic Experience in Egypt 1923-1952

  Hassan Youssef

  Thjs monograph is the outcome of a symposium on the theme of "Problems and Prospects of Democracy in Egypt", which was organized by the Centre for Political and Strategic Studies of AI-Ahram Foundation, and the Department of Political Science of the American University jn Cairo. The symposium was held from 8 - 11 December 1976, and was attended by a number of university professors and scholars representing different intel 1- ectual and ideological persuasions. It took place at a time when Egyptian democracy was in the ascendent: thus papers and discussions radiated a general feeling of optimism. The pages that fol low represent, in a sense, the testimony of a number of Egyptian Intellectuals and a summation of their perceptions of the problems that democracy faces in their country. This volume could not have been possible without the active support and encouragement of a number of people. I would like to express my deep­est gratitude to Dr Thomas Lamont, Dean of the Faculties at AUC, who was of untold help in making into reality the idea of the symposium and the project of this monograph. I would also like to thank Dr Boutros Boutros­ Ghali and Dr Earl Sullivan for their vital help. Mr Bahgat Badei made an initial translation of most of the papers which were originally delivered in Arabic. Responsibility for verification of the translations is my own. My sincere thanks go also to Mr Michel Le Gal I, who spent considerable time reading the manuscript, and who suggested various stylistic improvements.

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  Nutrition: Facts, Fallacies and Implications for Women concerned with Development

  Anne M.S. Coles

  The seminar from which these papers flow was the product of many minds, multiple energies and much co-operation during the many months prior to its final implementation. The idea of a women's seminar oriented to the issues and concerns of contemporary Egyptian society was initially put forth in the fal I of 1974 to coincide with efforts that were developing on a national level in Egypt to commemorate 1975 as International Women's Year. It is with deepest gratitude that I extend special appreciation to Mrs. Marlene Michel Anawati, then a Post Master's Fellow in the Department of Sociology­Anthropology and Psychology. Her appointment by The Ministry of Social Affairs to the Special National Women's Committee for co­ordinating plans for Egypt's participation at the United Nations World Conference of the International Women's Year in Mexico City provided a meaningful link between the university and the national committee. Emanating from discussions with Mrs. Anawati and our col leagues was the decision to participate in these national activities through the vehicle of an Open University Seminar Serles focussing on women. In the spring of 1975 the first seminar series was initiated on the theme of the Egyptian Feminist Movement and its Implication on the changing status of women. Special thanks and acknowledgement must be given to the several eminent Egyptian women who so graciously and effectively participated in that first seminar: Dr. Aisha Rateb, ex-Minister of Soclal Affairs; Dr. Mouflda Abdel ·Rahman, lawyer and member of the Committee Studying Faml ly Law; Dr. Zelnab el Sobhy, ex Secretary General of the Women's Secretariat at the Arab Socialist Union; Mrs. Aziza Hussein, Permanent Representative on the United Nations Committee on the Status of Women; and Mrs Ceza Nabarawi, Co-Founder and Pioneer to the Egyptian Feminist Movement . Encouraged by the enthusiast ic response to our first endeavor, we began to formulate ideas tor another seminar series --this time linked more speciticaIIy to the theme of women and deveIopment. We were further guided by the resuIts of the Mexico City Meetings, during which a WorId PIan of Action was unanimousIy accepted. This plan provided a comprehensive backdrop or context within which to discuss specific issues relating to strategies tor women to participate in the development of their country. It was at this juncture that the efforts of Ms. Judith Granada­ Dewey came to deserve special recognition. Through discussions with her over informal investigations related to the status of health care avaivable to Egyptian women, it was decided that an appropriate theme for the 1976 seminar series would be the entire issue of women and health as resources for development.

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  Current Problems in Gynecology and Obstetrics and their Effects on Patient Attutudes

  Samira El-Mallah

  The seminar from which these papers flow was the product of many minds, multiple energies and much co-operation during the many months prior to its final implementation. The idea of a women's seminar oriented to the issues and concerns of contemporary Egyptian society was initially put forth in the fal I of 1974 to coincide with efforts that were developing on a national level in Egypt to commemorate 1975 as International Women's Year. It is with deepest gratitude that I extend special appreciation to Mrs. Marlene Michel Anawati, then a Post Master's Fellow in the Department of Sociology­Anthropology and Psychology. Her appointment by The Ministry of Social Affairs to the Special National Women's Committee for co­ordinating plans for Egypt's participation at the United Nations World Conference of the International Women's Year in Mexico City provided a meaningful link between the university and the national committee. Emanating from discussions with Mrs. Anawati and our col leagues was the decision to participate in these national activities through the vehicle of an Open University Seminar Serles focussing on women. In the spring of 1975 the first seminar series was initiated on the theme of the Egyptian Feminist Movement and its Implication on the changing status of women. Special thanks and acknowledgement must be given to the several eminent Egyptian women who so graciously and effectively participated in that first seminar: Dr. Aisha Rateb, ex-Minister of Soclal Affairs; Dr. Mouflda Abdel ·Rahman, lawyer and member of the Committee Studying Faml ly Law; Dr. Zelnab el Sobhy, ex Secretary General of the Women's Secretariat at the Arab Socialist Union; Mrs. Aziza Hussein, Permanent Representative on the United Nations Committee on the Status of Women; and Mrs Ceza Nabarawi, Co-Founder and Pioneer to the Egyptian Feminist Movement . Encouraged by the enthusiast ic response to our first endeavor, we began to formulate ideas tor another seminar series --this time linked more speciticaIIy to the theme of women and deveIopment. We were further guided by the resuIts of the Mexico City Meetings, during which a WorId PIan of Action was unanimousIy accepted. This plan provided a comprehensive backdrop or context within which to discuss specific issues relating to strategies tor women to participate in the development of their country. It was at this juncture that the efforts of Ms. Judith Granada­ Dewey came to deserve special recognition. Through discussions with her over informal investigations related to the status of health care avaivable to Egyptian women, it was decided that an appropriate theme for the 1976 seminar series would be the entire issue of women and health as resources for development.

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  Education for Women-For What?

  Wafik Hassouna

  The seminar from which these papers flow was the product of many minds, multiple energies and much co-operation during the many months prior to its final implementation. The idea of a women's seminar oriented to the issues and concerns of contemporary Egyptian society was initially put forth in the fal I of 1974 to coincide with efforts that were developing on a national level in Egypt to commemorate 1975 as International Women's Year. It is with deepest gratitude that I extend special appreciation to Mrs. Marlene Michel Anawati, then a Post Master's Fellow in the Department of Sociology­Anthropology and Psychology. Her appointment by The Ministry of Social Affairs to the Special National Women's Committee for co­ordinating plans for Egypt's participation at the United Nations World Conference of the International Women's Year in Mexico City provided a meaningful link between the university and the national committee. Emanating from discussions with Mrs. Anawati and our col leagues was the decision to participate in these national activities through the vehicle of an Open University Seminar Serles focussing on women. In the spring of 1975 the first seminar series was initiated on the theme of the Egyptian Feminist Movement and its Implication on the changing status of women. Special thanks and acknowledgement must be given to the several eminent Egyptian women who so graciously and effectively participated in that first seminar: Dr. Aisha Rateb, ex-Minister of Soclal Affairs; Dr. Mouflda Abdel ·Rahman, lawyer and member of the Committee Studying Faml ly Law; Dr. Zelnab el Sobhy, ex Secretary General of the Women's Secretariat at the Arab Socialist Union; Mrs. Aziza Hussein, Permanent Representative on the United Nations Committee on the Status of Women; and Mrs Ceza Nabarawi, Co-Founder and Pioneer to the Egyptian Feminist Movement . Encouraged by the enthusiast ic response to our first endeavor, we began to formulate ideas tor another seminar series --this time linked more speciticaIIy to the theme of women and deveIopment. We were further guided by the resuIts of the Mexico City Meetings, during which a WorId PIan of Action was unanimousIy accepted. This plan provided a comprehensive backdrop or context within which to discuss specific issues relating to strategies tor women to participate in the development of their country. It was at this juncture that the efforts of Ms. Judith Granada­ Dewey came to deserve special recognition. Through discussions with her over informal investigations related to the status of health care avaivable to Egyptian women, it was decided that an appropriate theme for the 1976 seminar series would be the entire issue of women and health as resources for development.

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  Discourse is not enough: A Challenge from the Seminar

  Cynthia Nelson

  The seminar from which these papers flow was the product of many minds, multiple energies and much co-operation during the many months prior to its final implementation. The idea of a women's seminar oriented to the issues and concerns of contemporary Egyptian society was initially put forth in the fal I of 1974 to coincide with efforts that were developing on a national level in Egypt to commemorate 1975 as International Women's Year. It is with deepest gratitude that I extend special appreciation to Mrs. Marlene Michel Anawati, then a Post Master's Fellow in the Department of Sociology­Anthropology and Psychology. Her appointment by The Ministry of Social Affairs to the Special National Women's Committee for co­ordinating plans for Egypt's participation at the United Nations World Conference of the International Women's Year in Mexico City provided a meaningful link between the university and the national committee. Emanating from discussions with Mrs. Anawati and our col leagues was the decision to participate in these national activities through the vehicle of an Open University Seminar Serles focussing on women. In the spring of 1975 the first seminar series was initiated on the theme of the Egyptian Feminist Movement and its Implication on the changing status of women. Special thanks and acknowledgement must be given to the several eminent Egyptian women who so graciously and effectively participated in that first seminar: Dr. Aisha Rateb, ex-Minister of Soclal Affairs; Dr. Mouflda Abdel ·Rahman, lawyer and member of the Committee Studying Faml ly Law; Dr. Zelnab el Sobhy, ex Secretary General of the Women's Secretariat at the Arab Socialist Union; Mrs. Aziza Hussein, Permanent Representative on the United Nations Committee on the Status of Women; and Mrs Ceza Nabarawi, Co-Founder and Pioneer to the Egyptian Feminist Movement . Encouraged by the enthusiast ic response to our first endeavor, we began to formulate ideas tor another seminar series --this time linked more speciticaIIy to the theme of women and deveIopment. We were further guided by the resuIts of the Mexico City Meetings, during which a WorId PIan of Action was unanimousIy accepted. This plan provided a comprehensive backdrop or context within which to discuss specific issues relating to strategies tor women to participate in the development of their country. It was at this juncture that the efforts of Ms. Judith Granada­ Dewey came to deserve special recognition. Through discussions with her over informal investigations related to the status of health care avaivable to Egyptian women, it was decided that an appropriate theme for the 1976 seminar series would be the entire issue of women and health as resources for development.

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  Reconceptualizing Health Care

  Cynthia Nelson

  The seminar from which these papers flow was the product of many minds, multiple energies and much co-operation during the many months prior to its final implementation. The idea of a women's seminar oriented to the issues and concerns of contemporary Egyptian society was initially put forth in the fal I of 1974 to coincide with efforts that were developing on a national level in Egypt to commemorate 1975 as International Women's Year. It is with deepest gratitude that I extend special appreciation to Mrs. Marlene Michel Anawati, then a Post Master's Fellow in the Department of Sociology­Anthropology and Psychology. Her appointment by The Ministry of Social Affairs to the Special National Women's Committee for co­ordinating plans for Egypt's participation at the United Nations World Conference of the International Women's Year in Mexico City provided a meaningful link between the university and the national committee. Emanating from discussions with Mrs. Anawati and our col leagues was the decision to participate in these national activities through the vehicle of an Open University Seminar Serles focussing on women. In the spring of 1975 the first seminar series was initiated on the theme of the Egyptian Feminist Movement and its Implication on the changing status of women. Special thanks and acknowledgement must be given to the several eminent Egyptian women who so graciously and effectively participated in that first seminar: Dr. Aisha Rateb, ex-Minister of Soclal Affairs; Dr. Mouflda Abdel ·Rahman, lawyer and member of the Committee Studying Faml ly Law; Dr. Zelnab el Sobhy, ex Secretary General of the Women's Secretariat at the Arab Socialist Union; Mrs. Aziza Hussein, Permanent Representative on the United Nations Committee on the Status of Women; and Mrs Ceza Nabarawi, Co-Founder and Pioneer to the Egyptian Feminist Movement . Encouraged by the enthusiast ic response to our first endeavor, we began to formulate ideas tor another seminar series --this time linked more speciticaIIy to the theme of women and deveIopment. We were further guided by the resuIts of the Mexico City Meetings, during which a WorId PIan of Action was unanimousIy accepted. This plan provided a comprehensive backdrop or context within which to discuss specific issues relating to strategies tor women to participate in the development of their country. It was at this juncture that the efforts of Ms. Judith Granada­ Dewey came to deserve special recognition. Through discussions with her over informal investigations related to the status of health care avaivable to Egyptian women, it was decided that an appropriate theme for the 1976 seminar series would be the entire issue of women and health as resources for development.

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  Styles and Sources of Social Change: Women's Movements as Critiques of Health Care Systems

  Virginia Olesen

  The seminar from which these papers flow was the product of many minds, multiple energies and much co-operation during the many months prior to its final implementation. The idea of a women's seminar oriented to the issues and concerns of contemporary Egyptian society was initially put forth in the fal I of 1974 to coincide with efforts that were developing on a national level in Egypt to commemorate 1975 as International Women's Year. It is with deepest gratitude that I extend special appreciation to Mrs. Marlene Michel Anawati, then a Post Master's Fellow in the Department of Sociology­Anthropology and Psychology. Her appointment by The Ministry of Social Affairs to the Special National Women's Committee for co­ordinating plans for Egypt's participation at the United Nations World Conference of the International Women's Year in Mexico City provided a meaningful link between the university and the national committee. Emanating from discussions with Mrs. Anawati and our col leagues was the decision to participate in these national activities through the vehicle of an Open University Seminar Serles focussing on women. In the spring of 1975 the first seminar series was initiated on the theme of the Egyptian Feminist Movement and its Implication on the changing status of women. Special thanks and acknowledgement must be given to the several eminent Egyptian women who so graciously and effectively participated in that first seminar: Dr. Aisha Rateb, ex-Minister of Soclal Affairs; Dr. Mouflda Abdel ·Rahman, lawyer and member of the Committee Studying Faml ly Law; Dr. Zelnab el Sobhy, ex Secretary General of the Women's Secretariat at the Arab Socialist Union; Mrs. Aziza Hussein, Permanent Representative on the United Nations Committee on the Status of Women; and Mrs Ceza Nabarawi, Co-Founder and Pioneer to the Egyptian Feminist Movement . Encouraged by the enthusiast ic response to our first endeavor, we began to formulate ideas tor another seminar series --this time linked more speciticaIIy to the theme of women and deveIopment. We were further guided by the resuIts of the Mexico City Meetings, during which a WorId PIan of Action was unanimousIy accepted. This plan provided a comprehensive backdrop or context within which to discuss specific issues relating to strategies tor women to participate in the development of their country. It was at this juncture that the efforts of Ms. Judith Granada­ Dewey came to deserve special recognition. Through discussions with her over informal investigations related to the status of health care avaivable to Egyptian women, it was decided that an appropriate theme for the 1976 seminar series would be the entire issue of women and health as resources for development.

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  Health, Development and Women

  Earl L. (Tim) Sullivan

  The seminar from which these papers flow was the product of many minds, multiple energies and much co-operation during the many months prior to its final implementation. The idea of a women's seminar oriented to the issues and concerns of contemporary Egyptian society was initially put forth in the fal I of 1974 to coincide with efforts that were developing on a national level in Egypt to commemorate 1975 as International Women's Year. It is with deepest gratitude that I extend special appreciation to Mrs. Marlene Michel Anawati, then a Post Master's Fellow in the Department of Sociology­Anthropology and Psychology. Her appointment by The Ministry of Social Affairs to the Special National Women's Committee for co­ordinating plans for Egypt's participation at the United Nations World Conference of the International Women's Year in Mexico City provided a meaningful link between the university and the national committee. Emanating from discussions with Mrs. Anawati and our col leagues was the decision to participate in these national activities through the vehicle of an Open University Seminar Serles focussing on women. In the spring of 1975 the first seminar series was initiated on the theme of the Egyptian Feminist Movement and its Implication on the changing status of women. Special thanks and acknowledgement must be given to the several eminent Egyptian women who so graciously and effectively participated in that first seminar: Dr. Aisha Rateb, ex-Minister of Soclal Affairs; Dr. Mouflda Abdel ·Rahman, lawyer and member of the Committee Studying Faml ly Law; Dr. Zelnab el Sobhy, ex Secretary General of the Women's Secretariat at the Arab Socialist Union; Mrs. Aziza Hussein, Permanent Representative on the United Nations Committee on the Status of Women; and Mrs Ceza Nabarawi, Co-Founder and Pioneer to the Egyptian Feminist Movement . Encouraged by the enthusiast ic response to our first endeavor, we began to formulate ideas tor another seminar series --this time linked more speciticaIIy to the theme of women and deveIopment. We were further guided by the resuIts of the Mexico City Meetings, during which a WorId PIan of Action was unanimousIy accepted. This plan provided a comprehensive backdrop or context within which to discuss specific issues relating to strategies tor women to participate in the development of their country. It was at this juncture that the efforts of Ms. Judith Granada­ Dewey came to deserve special recognition. Through discussions with her over informal investigations related to the status of health care avaivable to Egyptian women, it was decided that an appropriate theme for the 1976 seminar series would be the entire issue of women and health as resources for development.